Celebration: American Utopia or Stepford?
"The development of cities is without doubt one of the best achievements of man, and the form of his metropolis has at all times been a cruel reference to the state of his civilization." Edmund Bacon, 1967
The artwork of city constructing, which has been misplaced and restored for greater than half a century in favor of the decentralized improvement of business streets and concrete sprawl (the steps of modernism), is being revived in a number of New Cities. Initiatives throughout the nation. Seaside, Newport, Windsor (all on the East Coast) and now Disney's Celebration have conquered the hearts and purses of People wishing for a center floor between infrastructure waste and social isolation of our refined suburbs and the rougher noise tradition / stereotype of the large metropolis. An smug (typically) bonus is that someplace in between a brand new sense of group may be discovered.
Hundreds of thousands of People in our sterile suburbs enable them to rob a human want: to expertise balanced social / environmental training (which our European colleagues take pleasure in each day). Political isolationism and escapism have a root in our psyche. All through our lives, the minimal each day interplay for kids and adults, with a cross-section of people of various ages, with cultural, ethnic, and financial variations, limits our worldview and our understanding of one another. The core problems with group, democratic participation and possession are ignored as a result of they contact on deeper philosophical and social points which might be nonetheless being circumvented by the American conscience.
As for the brand new urbanism, most People wouldn't know if it was going to sting them. From local weather change (a type of bribery: destruction of protected wetlands - wildlife to $ 15 million), Disney has not benefited the everyday subdivision in some ways. At Celebration, inmates commute to their jobs, whereas decrease workers commute within the CBD. The online result's as a lot automotive air pollution as ever, particularly as the overall blended use has a better density. Commons and parks are byproducts of tight tons, which undoubtedly characterize enhancements over the monotony of the everyday subdivision.
The celebration is over-controlled and lacks social consciousness. It's elitist: gingerbread shines on social inequality. There isn't any proof of particular person citizen contribution, and it'll not occur till the proprietor (Home-owner's Affiliation) adjustments fingers in the future and Disney is legally defended. Totalitarian management, as in Paris by Haussmann beneath Napoleon III, appears to be the one method that People can discover a diploma of utopia. Abandoning the democratic course of is an accepted compromise to settle (learn ethnic, social and financial cleaning). Our bleak historical past of failed, fashionable planning and zoning, initially designed to enhance high quality of life, has confirmed to be an antiseptic, bleak social and environmental puzzle during which bureaucrats and company builders are the one winners.
At Celebration, architects turned acquainted with an influence that would solely be repelled by a administration mandate. Design omnipotence tied to company targets has been dissolved into an overpriced subdivision for stereoids. Oddly sufficient, downtown structure appears to be a product of weak administration management over the imported identify. Architects Pastel banality with a homogenous end (because of the improvement of a single developer from the Entourage ensemble and an excessive amount of STO) is a Disney model. You possibly can even see a touch of fascism within the opening sequence of the venture, the place Disney improvement workplaces are abstractly against the really colonial and traditional traditionalism of the opposite group buildings close by.
Total, the picture of the dwelling areas reminds one of many facades of the early western increase cities, which conceal a moderately barren again behind the home. Blown-up facades are pressed side-by-side on slender plots, whereas the infrastructure is duplicated in again alleys that conceal 2-Three automotive garages. The sociability across the lawns and the curb is so severely impaired. Screenings are solely allowed on the again, the place most households spend their downtime within the pool and are shielded from bedbugs. Nor are they disturbed by the parades of curious vacationers pulling Disney downtown.
Whereas Disney launched capital with its model identify and offered absolute predictability in all its points, Disney has made an incredible effort to make Florida Swampland really feel good: "Utopia on a report". Sans serendipity, shock, mystification or complexity the overriding theme is "protection by privilege". Whereas & # 39; Citizen & # 39; They actually need to get up in Mayberry, discover out to their annoyance that they actually selected Stepford.
PART 1: An Early Take a look at the Celebrations of Disney & # 39;
What in the event that they have been constructing a metropolis and no one got here? (An intriguing thought that might not be the case right here, as firm sluggishness and large advertising will assure enlargement.) In that case, I really feel a wierd sense of loss, though typically the goals of a classicist first come true. Whereas many conventional / neoclassical architects and designers selected the Modernist Discrimination Try within the constructed surroundings, he was thrilled that the tide would in the future return to a widespread use of classical or formal design ideas together with extra conventional and natural planning concept, the idea A utopian angle to current a return to custom was not tried in three dimensions on this scale (besides within the fantasies of Leon Krier). Till now.
On the finish of February, a number of native architects and condo designers have been invited to a preview of Disney's celebrations. This deliberate metropolis of 20,000 inhabitants could have state-of-the-art well being and training services, a metropolis heart that's managed by the same old cadre of & # 39; vital & # 39; Fashionable architects (together with a moderately startling one by Philip Johnson) and about 8,000 residential properties of varied varieties and sizes, with the widest being 90 ft with 15 foot setbacks.
The venture supervisor, a Princeton architect with an MBA, insisted that the objective of the grasp plan was to create a way of group; The expectation is to realize a special mixture of age teams and financial backgrounds during which households would reside on for a number of generations. As well as, a fastidiously researched and ready architectural management customary handbook (based mostly on yesterday's pattern books) has been produced for instance the appropriate kinds for the housing models: Basic, Victorian, Colonial Revival, Coastal, Mediterranean, and French.
Architectural management consists of inviolable first and second flooring heights, in addition to window and door varieties, setbacks, lots and materials utilization per customary model. Porch, roof and façade therapies have additionally really useful design requirements. The picket wings, the general public areas and the shady boulevards, as proven within the conceptual watercolor views, really feel comfortable. The residents of Mayberry-Savannah-Charleston appear to benefit from the good life as they sit on the entrance and one-storey higher flooring (extremely really useful) and watch the world go by.
I couldn't put my finger on it, which anxious me, until I bear in mind considering that both God was within the planning or I heard the drums of the Third Reich. The Strathmore mannequin of downtown appeared a bit subtle. Right here have been the small monuments of Pelli, Venturi, Stern and Moore within the type of a financial institution, a theater, an condo, an workplace constructing, a cultural heart, an statement tower, and so forth., neatly organized on separate blocks. It appeared like a rocky amusement park to reside in. The whole lot had its place, the primary boulevard was on an axis that led by the business zone to the waterfront, with intersecting streets that allowed a minimal of parking.
One other setback was the residential areas, grouped in keeping with the dimensions of the tons with allele separation teams and likewise eradicated the ugly two- or three-door storage, which was considered from the entrance of the primary road. That is undoubtedly a major enchancment over the everyday America's suburban flooring plans. The whole lot appeared as good as doable. Someday after 1940 it was identified, "... the structure has given a proper, we attempt to proceed the event (of well-designed buildings, as implied) as if it had by no means been interrupted, we take the left fork on the street . " I agreed that the modernists actually drowned this nation and the world with their banal extra of diminished functionalism. I used to be skeptical on the similar time. A small voice in me advised me to stand up and defend ... one thing - perhaps that was lacking.
I requested if the entry factors needs to be closed. "Unpredictable, we wish this to be an open group." What about safety issues? "For the time being, no crime is to be anticipated." We giggled on the imaginative and prescient of the black and white 40s roaming the streets. Will town heart be capable of maintain its personal? "Your entire cupboard space is already pre-let." How are you going to make folks sit on the porches in Florida's warmth and mosquito swarms, particularly since you're not allowed to have screened services? "The ceiling followers will calm down and disperse the swarms." Nicely, there was nothing left to criticize, Disney had discovered every thing. Happy, all of us left and thank our host.
The following day I partly shared the next:
I acknowledge that your mannequin integrates the European conventional constructing kinds in an American metropolis state of affairs, however it might not be the extra profitable mannequin (particularly for the legal responsibility of doing enterprise) to finish the circle and reintroduce the traditional Italian, French or German prototype? Perhaps that is the theme of Celebration II? The opposite irony of Celebration is that I do not forget that Walt's intention for EPCOT was a viable metropolis of the longer term. what implied actual examples of futuristic nodes for dwelling and dealing (technological development, and so forth.) and the corresponding buildings. I believe we appeared into the longer term and actually didn't need to know the place the "proper hand" stands. Fork led. Earlier than there isn't any demonstrably higher different, I have to agree with the promise that Celebrations makes and its intention to coach America on what a group ought to truly be. Right here you've got a utopian format that kindles a spark of reminiscence and longing with all guests. "
However this uneasy feeling rubbed many times in my abdomen. Lastly, I put it collectively: Firstly, this group was designed as Seaside in order that it's uncomfortable for the customer to simply wander into town and benefit from the sights. Secondly, with a lot architectural management, natural pressure was harnessed to artistic development, like an Orwellian injection in entrance of the bud. Even with six permissible kinds, this quixotic architectural invention, which makes a road panorama so interesting and important, was not doable. A Victorian motif grafted onto Colonial Revival didn't appear plausible. Mixing Mediterranean with classically forbidden Palladio. Why have been no modernist touches doable? (I stunned myself by striving for some modern styling).
"... But when the one type of transmission, give up, is constant in following the methods of the era instantly forward of us, if it blindly or timidly adheres to its successes, then custom needs to be positively discouraged."
R. Venturi, 1966
Though Disney's implicit intention is to innovate, its grasp plan has not sufficiently superior fashionable city follow on this case, until it's additional sterilized. The freestanding artificiality of town heart reads extra like an extension of the personal facade structure of Common or Disney on their studio house. I'll at all times want the historic prototype of the European (Italian, Greek, German or French) city sq. with its pure liveliness and spontaneity so fully missing within the American CBDs. (The caricatures of Disney World's Outdated World motives appear to be extra folks than Celebration!). The mixing of many city motifs is required to supply an enriching surroundings, particularly within the metropolis heart. , For instance, the filling of a few years & # 39; Development, contracting and reconstruction are essential to create continuity and to complement the city state of affairs.
All of the age on this nation was arbitrarily torn right down to make room for financial progress till the conservation motion prevailed. What composes the continental instance is the combo of the previous and the brand new, the density and mixture of enterprise and dwelling and the proof of life - simply as folks go for walks, socializing, purchasing and watching, consuming and taking part in and so forth. The principle theme among the many content material is that Celebration andones works like many different fashionable plans, leading to the identical auto-centered or principally designed suburban design. Consider the easy presence of road distributors (often prohibited) who give a lot coloration to road life. And because the new interstates have bypassed so lots of our nation's older communities, even the chance for vacationers, vacationers, strangers (gasp!) To complement residents by likelihood assembly within the market or on {the marketplace} has been worn out. Full interplay with the surface world is lifted. The town is dying. This dilemma applies specifically to deliberate cities resembling Celebration and Seaside and the hosts of different cities and cities.
Nonetheless, you realize that the right vaccinations have been made earlier than shopping for in Celebration. I miss the stink of the diesel or the horse-drawn carriage experience by the dusty streets of Izmir in Turkey (the place I spend my youth) whereas sitting in a nook cafe and calling a roasted nut vendor to style the newest harvest sea salt pistachios, whereas I waited for my olive oil to serve stewed lamb chops. Not simply the smells, but in addition the sights and sounds of my fellow human beings concerned of their on a regular basis life-style that I miss, and the wealthy surroundings that weighs this exercise. Structure cannot remedy planning issues. Solely individuals who have joined collectively to protect their humanity can achieve this.
The ultimate irony is: Twenty-five years in the past, Walt Disney based the experimental prototype Metropolis of Tomorrow (EPCOT) as a storefront, housing and using a viable inhabitants; actual folks in a piece surroundings. That didn't occur. What was materialized was a sly, however kitschy, always outdated theme park that was initially fairly thrilling (for the boy in all of us), however Cornball & # 39; futuristic & # 39; Carnival rides that have been taken over by America for enterprise. Now, Disney has determined that the previous is the important thing to the longer term. And so they have a totalitarian instrument to show that they're proper. I've been searching for them for some time, now I'm extra satisfied that Stepford's girls could have a spot for their very own.
In such quite a lot of the visible look of buildings, it's absurd to implement conformity, which merely results in uniformity. With the acceptance of the ideas of the gradual renewal of the surroundings, it's fascinating to observe the practices of the previous during which they've been utilized: every interval adjusts the brand new buildings to these of former occasions and doesn't embrace any design parts that have been beforehand used. It is a wholesome follow, unaffected by lack of belief or the morbid need to let the previous management the current. It has protected the city and semi-urban areas of yesteryear from the museums, and it delights so many English cities, the place the buildings from completely different eras stand aspect by aspect and from which the historical past of the cities may be learn. Distinction of their buildings. Having walked down the rue de Rivoli, probably the most miserable road in all of Paris, will perceive what is supposed by "variety of life", small-scale planning, intimacy and different environmental values which might be often rediscovered. Subsequently, no extra "Design Guides", no management of the visible look by officers with restricted visible consciousness and sensitivity or by neighbors who need to implement their very own style, or, because the realtors declare, to guard their "39"; Funding & # 39; and what ulterior motives are to not be examined. "
Walter Segal, 1980
epilogue
After receiving some criticism for the above remarks and contemplating additional consideration of the matter, I got here throughout a social research of Pullman, Illinois (10 miles south of Chicago), which was thought of a mannequin group inbuilt 1881 and the lodging and fundamental providers (in addition to the Pullman Palace Automobile Firm manufacturing facility), the place 8,000 folks lived and labored. My sensitivity was shocked by the parallels. "One in all Mr. Pullman's fundamental concepts," wrote Richard Ely, the social critic and economist in his evaluation of town, "is the business worth of magnificence." Pullman commissioned a single architect to plan and design the complete metropolis. There was a market home, a theater, a library, workplaces, retailers, a financial institution, a lodge, a fireplace division, instructional establishments, and so forth. In describing the road panorama, Ely notes:
The uniformity of the design and an sudden selection enchant us as we stroll by town. The lawns are at all times the identical width and separate the homes from the road. Nonetheless, they're so inexperienced and neatly lower that one can overlook this regularity of kind. Though the homes are inbuilt teams of two or extra, and even in blocks except some massive buildings of low cost flats, they don't have any resemblance to barracks ... French roofs, sq. roofs, dormer home windows, turrets, sharp factors, uninteresting factors, triangles, irregular squares are gadgets which might be saved within the higher flooring to keep away from the looks of unbroken uniformity. A bit data in arithmetic exhibits how infinitely many combos are doable, and a greater understanding of this truth than what the structure of Pullman exhibits could be onerous to search out. The streets intersect at proper angles, however right here destiny has shunned the terrible monotony of New York, which typically has to tempt a nervous individual into screaming for aid. A public sq., an arcade, a lodge, a market, or a big constructing is commonly on a road so ingenious that it breaks the common line, however with out affecting site visitors. On the finish of lengthy streets, an attractive view welcomes you and soothes the attention - a little bit of water, a bit of meadow, a pile of timber and even one of many large however neat workshops. All that is rising day-to-day on the customer. No different Pullman characteristic can get as a lot recognition as its structure.
In actual fact, he continues, "Very pleasing is the impression of the customer, who goes swiftly by Pullman and solely pays consideration to the good provisions for the current materials consolation of his occupants." {That a} girl's first exclamation is for certain, & # 39very good! & # 39 39;
About six years after the primary spade was dug to start this utopia, a big rifle broke out. Everlasting Pullman's efforts to maximise its revenues are efforts to beautify town and supply as many sensible facilities as doable for its employees, whose inevitable collapse passed off. It needs to be famous that the employees, like many different company cities, didn't have their very own actual property. Strikes, particular person initiatives, charitable and mutual insurance coverage associations have been graded, discouraged or depressed. A lady who had lived with Pullman for 2 years advised Ely that there have been solely three households left amongst their first acquaintances. Ely requested, "It's like dwelling in an incredible lodge, is just not it?" Her reply was "We name it tents." & # 39;
Ely concludes: "There's a motion right here, the place there's a distinct individuality all over the place, every thing tends to form the inhabitants, as within the metropolis, the determine that finest expresses itself in" machine-made "It isn't concerning the social issues which have undoubtedly negatively affected the inhabitants, however moderately refers back to the architectural and planning options that have been beforehand described as idyllic, ending with a extra political burden ... the conclusion is inevitable The concept of Pullman is un-American, it's nearer than something the author has seen to be the best of the good German chancellor, not the American very best, however benevolent and benevolent feudalism, which wishes the happiness of the folks, however because the authorities will prefer it: one cannot assist however to think about the deceased tsar of Russia, Alexander II, on what the well-being of his topics actually was orgnis aroused. He needed you to be comfortable, however they wished that their happiness would emanate from him, regardless of during which every thing ought to focus. The serfs have been liberated, the servant was abolished, and no insurmountable objection to reform was raised till his folks confirmed dedication to take issues into their very own fingers, govern themselves, and search their very own happiness in their very own method. "How a lot of the riots in Pullman have been attributable to unfavorable social components and the way a lot might the seemingly utopian bodily infrastructure have been attributed to?"
"The extra affect an individual can exert on their surroundings, the extra devoted they turn into."
Herman Hertzberger, 1980
A free folks should freely select their habituation by way of model, materials, value, and so forth. In lots of areas the place over-legislation happens beneath the guise of defending the integrity of the group, this results in a boring repetition attributable to restricted dimension, top, supplies and elegance. Along with the world ratios with accompanying design constraints, the ensuing constructions (which willfully search a void by which a bit of individualism may be imposed) are sometimes abominable makes an attempt to follow originality or character in a repressive architectural milieu. Relatively than settling the complete design, particularly the model, so fully, why not go away it to the person (and his architect!) To make the selection inside a greater set of tips?
Someday after 1940 it was identified, "... the structure has accepted proper, we attempt to proceed the event [of well designed buildings, implied] as if it was by no means interrupted; We take the left fork on the street. "
"There's a distinct individuality right here, as all over the place else, and every thing tends to impress upon the inhabitants, like town, the character finest expressed in" machine-made "...
Understandably, inferior constructions and poorly understood schemas shouldn't be allowed, however needs to be rejected as a result of the strict canon of & # 39; Mediterranean & # 39; or & # 39; French & # 39; was not from the guide & # 39; adopted. restricts artistic development and experimentation, creating in the long term a fruitful selection, freshness, and typically even controversial potentialities that may solely enrich the constructed surroundings and the individual with the appropriate to freedom of expression. Type ought to by no means be regulated by legislation. Dangerous structure needs to be eradicated.
"An excellent architect will at all times do unique work, and a foul architect would do each poor" fashionable "work and poor (ie imitative) work with historic kinds." P. Johnson, 1961
It's unlucky that in newly developed cities and smaller communities, the wealthy texture of traditional city fashions cannot be convincingly replicated. Given the selection between a pasteurized and homogenized mannequin metropolis with its inherent philosophical anomalies, I stroll the trail of worn cobblestones by dusty, winding streets, previous vintage, decaying and weathered buildings with gnarled wood doorways of enchanting motifs, the place the odor of baker & # 39 The bread penetrates my being within the morning, previous markets the place you may breathe the odor of recent tomatoes, cereals and meat purchased from the fields the place even the pungent odor of pack animals mixes with unique scents the place The hordes collect across the worth of products within the open air, at canvases and at retailers who've been caught within the niches of mighty stone relics, the place the odor of freshly floor espresso is served in sidewalk cafes and even the odor of an incomplete sewer Diesel fumes vermisc ht. It's above all of the individuals who carry these locations to life, like stage actors in a spot the place that they had the chance to color in individual, and the place they'll bear in mind their very own historical past.
The important thing to city vitality, as LM Roth describes the views of the promoter and editor of the Architectural Discussion board within the early 1960s, Jane B. Jacobs, is "variety and complexity." Leonard Kip wrote a genoa in The Buildings of Our Cities (1870): "With what joyful contentment he (the traveler) wanders by his winding streets and finds new surprises on each nook!" From Paris he describes the sensation of "dropping oneself ... with the complete data that we cannot get out of the way in which unpleasantly ..."
People have for too lengthy accepted the fruits of contemporary planning ideas that promote monotonous city landscapes which might be routinely recognized to design planning manuals designed with dispersive (moderately than imposing) zoning, with the ensuing isolation of their components, the suburban and infrastructural waste. If a home is sort of a metropolis & # 39; We'd all reside in extravagant waste of house, empty corridors that result in distant areas that may solely be understood by practical connections by a mapping system. Kip aptly describes our distinctive new communities and neighborhoods: "... when the dweller can see the entire road as a diorama, he quickly doesn't really feel a spark of particular person style, however he captures the minds of others and builds in the identical model as everybody round him round to turn into the proprietor, not the house, however to a sure extent a set of linear ft measured by a rule. "
Within the mid-twentieth century, Lewis Mumford denounced the results of the growing appropriation of house for the car in America's cities and cities, claiming that town was chosen for the "care and tradition of males". as a compromise to the mechanical monster. Los Angeles is the epitome of "absolute insensitivity and lethal effectivity." (Leland M. Roth, America Builds) of the Federal Freeway Act ideas and provisions. Mumford requested, "Why would anybody must drive a automotive and drive a couple of miles to get a pack of cigarettes or a loaf of bread, as is commonly the case in a suburb? Why ought to a rising minority of individuals cease working? zur Arbeit gehen können, indem sie im Inneren der Stadt leben oder in der Lage sind, vom Theater oder vom Konzertsaal nach Hause zu gehen Wenn die Einrichtungen kompakt sind, erfreut das Gehen noch immer den Amerikanern: reist er nicht viele tausend Kilometer zurück, nur um dieses Privileg in den historischen Stadtkernen Europas zu genießen? ... Nichts würde mehr dazu beitragen, unseren verfallenen Stadtkernen das Leben zurückzugeben, als die Fußgänger, die Innenräume und die Vergnügungen wieder herzustellen mache den Kreislauf zum Vergnügen! "
An diesem Punkt verfehlt Celebration das Ziel. Obwohl die Gassen das Auto verbergen, zwingt der Gesamtaufbau den Fußgänger nicht wirklich dazu, seine klinisch geordnete Straße zu verlassen und sich selbst für das kleinste Objekt zu entscheiden. In der zonenfreien Biostadt von gestern waren Eckeinkäufe zu finden, die hier jedoch nicht vorhanden sind. Die Planung sieht aus der Luftperspektive intestine aus, liefert aber in der Realität nicht. Der Look von Charleston und Savannah wird hier besucht, aber die Aktivität und Lebendigkeit wird zumindest als Produkt seiner eigenen Bürgerschaft fehlen. (Oh ja, die Lichter in den Häusern der abwesenden Insassen von Celebration werden nachts ein- und ausgeschaltet werden, falls die Hausbesitzer in den Monaten Mai bis Oktober zu ihrem Schweizer Zeitanteil sind.)
"Der Bau von Städten ist eine der größten Errungenschaften des Menschen. Die Type seiner Stadt struggle und ist immer ein erbarmungsloser Hinweis auf den Zustand seiner Zivilisation.
Edmund N. Bacon, 1967
Ist Celebration die Quintessenz der amerikanischen Stadt? Charles Moore (eines von Disney ausgewählten Symbolen für eine der Superstar-Strukturen in der Innenstadt) prägte die amerikanische Haltung in der Beschreibung der zeitgenössischen nordamerikanischen Landessprache. als: "die Arbeit einer Nation, die aus Menschen besteht, die zu einem oder anderen Zeitpunkt mehr oder weniger auf die Custom verzichtet haben, um sich selbst durchzusetzen." Aber er schloss: "Einige unserer lebendigsten und überzeugendsten Orte in Tatsache sind Fantasien, Williamsburgs oder Disneylands. "
Disney muss für ihre großen Anstrengungen und die sorgfältige Liebe zum Element wie immer gelobt werden, aber das Supreme zu versuchen und das Ziel zu verfehlen, indem man das Structure ihrer Traumstadt eindeutig organisiert, um die Komponenten auszuschließen, die die Seele und das Lebenselixier einer Gemeinschaft (wie Erfahrung in historisch realisierbaren Modellen lebender Städte) wird nur dazu führen, dass die strengen Baukonstruktionen möglicherweise aufgegeben werden, wie in den amerikanischen Städten, deren Hauptstraßen umgangen wurden, die Einkäufe in die peripheren Superstätten verbannt wurden und der innere Kern dem Verfall preisgegeben wurde. Wenn sie nicht aufgrund der Auserwählten aufgegeben werden, die ihren Namen auf den Hypothekenpapieren unterschreiben, wird sie wahrscheinlich auf den Straßen geräumt. Der Architekt James Marston Fitch hat die italienische Straße als "die köstlichste Erfahrung der Umarmung und Einschließung aller Räume der Erde" beschrieben. Die befriedigende Menschen- / Straßenlandschaft, die Disney in EPCOT geschaffen hat, ist eine Fantasie, die Millionen genießen. Dort wurde der Effekt erzielt, den Bernard Rudofsky als "Straßen statt als Wüsten" bezeichnete Straßen bezeichnet. Städte wie Charleston und Savannah sind perfekte Modelle für die lebende Gemeinschaft. Sie spiegeln wider, was Edmund Bacon in den antiken griechischen Städten als "die Intimität der ererbten Custom" bezeichnet hat. Warum nicht das Beispiel ihrer und anderer Städte mit ähnlicher Vitalität und Charme näher bringen, indem Sie unsere sterilen Zonierungsvorschriften überdenken, die Größe verschwenderischer privater Wohngrundstücke reduzieren, die Wohn- und Arbeitsbereiche kompakt integrieren und Grünflächen an den günstigsten Standorten schaffen ? Die Förderung des Fußgängerverkehrs ist kein Downside, wenn Dienstleistungen und Unterhaltung in der Nähe sind. Wenn Sie während eines Spaziergangs zum Park auch Lebensmittel einkaufen, können Sie auf dem Weg zur Arbeit leicht eine Zeitung und einen Imbiss beim Verkäufer auf der Straße kaufen . Klingt das nach Utopie? Es wurde gemacht. Es kann gemacht werden. Solely the mindset and established order --and our 90 yr love affair with our automobiles prohibits this healthful and financial different.
